Recent Changes

Tudor Dynasty (Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I)
King Henry VIII
Catholic in the beginning and throghout his life personally
Attacked Lutheranism
Cause for Reformation: Desire to divorce his first wife
Catherine of Aragon produced no male heir and he fell in love with lady-in-waiting Anne Bolyen
Relied on Cardinal Wolsey to obtain marriage annulment from Pope Clement VII
After few failed tries, Henry appoints two new advisers: Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell
Married Anne Boleyn secretly in 1533 and later on in the year, Elizabeth is born
Act of Supremacy (1534) - king is the head of the Church of England
Treason Act - punish anyone who refuses to accept Act of Supremacy
Six Articles Act of 1539 - confirmed aspects of the Catholic Doctrine
Jane Seymour births future Edward VI
*Wives of Henry and their children*
Catharine of Aragon - Mary I
Anne Boleyn - Elizabeth I
Jane Seymour - Edward VI
Anne of Cleves - none (was apparently really ugly )
Catharine Howard - none (commited adultery)
Cathrine Parr - none & outlived Henry
Mary I
"Bloody Mary"
Catholic who wanted to restore Catholicism to England despite opposition
Married Philip II of Spain (disliked in England)
Burned more that 300 protestant heretics (hence the name Bloody Mary)
Failed miserably in restoring Catholicism
Elizabeth I
policy - moderation and compromise
politics over religion - politique
New Act of Supremacy made Elixabeth the sole supreme ruler
Mary, Queen of Scots - next in line for throne and cousin of Elizabeth
Beheaded in 1987 due to plots against Elizabeth
Appeased Puritans
Help from Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham
Indirectly encouraged attacks on Spanish ships and colonies
Victorious in Spanish Armada

English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
Pre-WarThis is basically the entire history of the Stuart Dynasty. If you just want to know about the actual Civil War and Glorious Revolution, scroll down a little bit and read the bolded sections :)
Pre-War/End of Tudor Dynasty
Tudor dynasty becomes extinct with death of Elizabeth I
The Stuart family takes over the throne
Puritans demand elimination of episcopal system but king refuses
Charles I (James I's son)
(1628) - prhibitedprohibited taxes without
accepts at first and then ignores due to limits on royal power
1629- 1640(1629-1640) Charles's "personal rule" - no involvement of parliament
Ship Money - tax for coastal defense collected without parliament's consent
marriage to Henrietta Maria (French Catholic) arouses suspicion of return of Catholicism
Due to revolts in the Scottish Presbyterian church, king is forced to call parliament after 11 years
First Phase of Civil War (1642-1646)
Parliament succesful due to New Model Army (Cromwell)
New Model Army - composed of Independents who fought for the Lord
Capture of Charles I (1646)
Second Phase of Civil War (1647-1649)
Presbyterians want to disband army and restore Charles I as king; Independents oppose and try to negotiate with king (1647)
Charles tries to escape, starting the second phase of civil war (1648). Victory for Cromwell
January 30, 1649 - Charles I beheaded
Oliver Cromwell
England declared a Commonwealth (republic)
faced uprisings in Ireland, Scotland, and homeland
parliament finally dismissed on April 1653
Cromwell becomes Lord Protector and new government is created
used force to control the army and revolts
died in 1658
Restoration of the Monarchy: Charles II
parliament meets in 1661 and establishes the Anglican church as official church of England
parliament suspicious of Charles who is inclined to Catholicism and his brother James who is boldly Catholic
Test Act (1673) - only Anglicans can hold civil and military offices
Whigs - want to establish protestant king
Tories - support king although they do not like him
Died in 1681
James II & The Glorious Revolution
devout Catholic who tries to bring Catholicism to England
Declaration of Indulgence (1687) - suspends all laws prohibiting Catholics from holding office
the birth of James's son through his Catholic second wife (1688)
English noblemen invite William of Orange and Mary (James's daughter)
"Bloodless Revolution"
Results and Settlement
Revolution Settlement - confirmed William and Mary as monarchs of England
declaration of William and Mary as ruler (1689) and they accept the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights (1689) - rights of parliament to make laws and levy taxes

King James VI of Scotland becomes King James I in England (son of Mary, Queen of Scots)
James I
divinebeliever of divine right of
alienated parliament who was used to a "balance policy" of the monarch and parliament ruling together
parliement refuses to give James more money
Puritans demand elimination of episcopal system but king refuses
Charles I (James I's son)
Petition of Right (1628) - prhibited taxes without Parliament consent
accepts at first and then ignores due to limits on royal power
1629- 1640 Charles's "personal rule"

English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
Pre-War
Tudor dynasty becomes extinct with death of Elizabeth I
The Stuart family takes over the throne
King James VI of Scotland becomes King James I in England (son of Mary, Queen of Scots)
James I
divine right of kings (absolutism)
alienated parliament who was used to a "balance policy" of the monarch and parliament ruling together
parliement refuses to give James more money

Resignation
William II, disagreed with Bismarck on the policy of socialism which led to his resignation/dismissal
but later
resignedresigned due to lack of support.support from both their countries and monarchs.
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/otto_von_bismarck.html
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10245a.htm- Metternich

Elizabeth I of England
Fox:
Marriage
Religion
ActsMarriage- the opportunity of Supremacy
Actmarriage and becoming King of Uniformity
Netherlands revolt
Puritans
Heir-England led Elizabeth to outwit her many suitors/enemies
Religion- Protestant, but compromised to avoid war unlike her uncompromising half siblings
Acts of Supremacy- made Elizabeth the Supreme Governor which made anyone seeking a position in the church have to swear allegiance to Elizabeth
Act of Uniformity- reinforced Edward VI's Book of Prayer
Netherlands revolt- vs. Spain, secretly supported/funded by England, never truly declared to avoid war with Spain
Puritans- compromised despite their demands of purging England of Catholics
Heir- James I I, led several people to believe themselves as heir to guarantee allies
Lion:
Spanish Armada
Mary,Armada- faced off, sent Francis Drake to attack
Mary, Queen of Scots
HenryScots- executed despite threats from Phillip II--> Spanish Armada
Henry VI- supported Henry VI
Ireland in French Wars of Religion
Ireland- Seven Year's War, sent Earl of Essex (Dereveux) to Ireland
Henry IV of France
Fox:
Religion
Catholicism,
Catholicism, Calvinist, Catholicism
EdictCatholicism, switched to please Church/People and to save his own life
Edict of Nantes
French WarNantes- allowed Calvinist (Protestant) rights
French Wars of Religion
Lion:
Spain
Italy
PeaceSpain- vs. Catholic League opposed Henry IV
Italy, vs. duchy of Vervins
WarSavoy, ended with Treaty of Lyon (1601)
Peace of Vervins- treaty with Spain (1598)
War of the Julich Succession Succession- war vs. HRE
In his political treatise, the Prince, Machiavelli describes his notion of a perfect ruler. Both Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France’s reigns, with their rise to power and their policies, came to resemble several key points of Machiavelli’s ideal of a good ruler.

Metternich
Foreign Policy
Congress of Vienna
ConcertVienna- Conservatism (G. Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) vs France.
Concert of Europe
PrincipleEurope- Principle of Legitimacy
Quadruple Alliance
Revolution-
Principle of Legitimacy- the idea of monarchies ruling
Quadruple Alliance- Russia, Prussia, Austria, G. Britain
Revolution- Spain, Italy, America, Greece, France France- All failed except for Greece (received support from Quadruple Alliance)
Achievements
Latin America
Spain
Italy
Greece
France America- Rebellion (stopped, G. Britain)
Spain- Rebellion (stopped, France)
Italy- Rebellion (stopped, Austria)
Greece- Accepted, vs. Ottoman Empire (Britain/France)
France- Rebellion (stopped, G. Britain, Austria, Prussia)
Resignation
Revolutions of 1848
Bismarck
Foreign Policy
Alienation of Austria- led to unification of Germany, due to exclusion of affairs.
Realpolitik- politics of reality, focused on the advancement of nation
Danish War- war against Denmark, over Schleswig territory/province
Austro-Prussia War- Austria
Realpolitik
Danish War
Austro-Prussia War
Franco-Prussia War vs. Prussia (Austria excluded)
Franco-Prussia War- Capture of Napoleon III--> Unification of Italy
Goals
Alienation of Austria
Germany UnificationAustria- succeeded (Austro-Prussia War)
Germany Unification- Succeed (Second German Republic (1st, HRE)
Balance of Power- Succeeded, Prussia strongest power
Resignation
William II, disagreed with Bismarck on the policy of socialism which led to his resignation/dismissal
As foreign ministers for rival countries and being in different time periods, Prince Klemens von Metternich and Otto von Bismarck had very similar polices as well as goals. Both had believed in advancement for their nation and maintaining power for the crown. While their methods of achieving their goals were different, they were successful but later
resigned due to lack of support.