Ptolemy: created the geocentric theory where Greeks thought that the Earth was the center of the universe and the sun and other planets revolve around it. Beyond the 10th sphere was where heaven was located.
Nicholas Copernicus: contradicted the Ptolemaic views and wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres where he argued that the universe consisted of 8 spheres with the sun at the center → Heliocentric theory.
Brahe: built Uraniborg Castle which has a library, observatories, and instruments for precise astronomical observations.
Kepler: Mathematician and astronomer who succeeded Brahe and found the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion = confirmed and modified Copernicus’s theory.
1. Orbits of the planets around the sun was not circular but elliptical 2. Planets are faster when close to the sun and are slower when away from the sun. 3. Large orbit planets are slower than small orbit planets
Galileo: invented the telescope.
§ Discoveries: sunspots, craters on the moon, 4 largest moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn § Wrote The Starry Messenger and Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems § Inertia: motion continues until it has an external force.
Issac Newton: invented calculus. He founded universal gravitation that every object in the universe was attracted to every other object with gravity and the composition of light. He wrote “Principia” which demonstrated his universal law of gravitation by using mathematical proofs.
§ He also wrote the 3 Laws of Motion
Advances in Medicine
Galen: used animal dissection to heighten knowledge on human anatomy. He thought diseases were caused by 4 bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile.
Paracelsus: hoped to use a new chemical philosophy that was based on a new understanding of nature and replace the traditional views. He believed that all parts of the universe were represented within each person.
§ “like cures like…”: poison that caused disease would be its cure if used in proper quantity.
Andreas Vesalius: wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body where he used careful examination of individual organs to visualize the general structure of the human body.
William Harvey: noted that the heart, not the liver was the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body. He wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
Margaret Cavendish: wrote Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy. She believed that humans have no power over natural causes and effects and that they cannot have supreme or absolute power.
Maria Sibylla Merian: wrote Wonderful Metamorphosis and Special Nourishment of Caterpillars which was an illustrated study of caterpillars showing every stage of their development.
Maria Winklemann: discovered a comet and helped to prepare the astronomical calendar for the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
Rene Descartes: wrote Discourse on Method in which he acknowledged his own existence. He deduced 2 principles: the existence of God and the separation of mind and matter and the Cartesian Dualism which was an absolute dualism between the mind and body.
Bacon: his scientific method is built upon inductive principles since man is imperfect.
Spinoza: wrote Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner which states that God is the universe and that nothing can be apart from God, a philosophy known as Pantheism.
Pascal: wrote Pensee which was a collective set of notes where he tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing both to their reason and to their emotions. He also invented the mechanical calculator.
The Scientific Revolution
- Ptolemy: created the geocentric theory where Greeks thought that the Earth was the center of the universe and the sun and other planets revolve around it. Beyond the 10th sphere was where heaven was located.
- Nicholas Copernicus: contradicted the Ptolemaic views and wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres where he argued that the universe consisted of 8 spheres with the sun at the center → Heliocentric theory.
- Brahe: built Uraniborg Castle which has a library, observatories, and instruments for precise astronomical observations.
- Kepler: Mathematician and astronomer who succeeded Brahe and found the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion = confirmed and modified Copernicus’s theory.
1. Orbits of the planets around the sun was not circular but elliptical2. Planets are faster when close to the sun and are slower when away from the sun.
3. Large orbit planets are slower than small orbit planets
- Galileo: invented the telescope.
§ Discoveries: sunspots, craters on the moon, 4 largest moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn§ Wrote The Starry Messenger and Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems
§ Inertia: motion continues until it has an external force.
- Issac Newton: invented calculus. He founded universal gravitation that every object in the universe was attracted to every other object with gravity and the composition of light. He wrote “Principia” which demonstrated his universal law of gravitation by using mathematical proofs.
§ He also wrote the 3 Laws of MotionAdvances in Medicine
- Galen: used animal dissection to heighten knowledge on human anatomy. He thought diseases were caused by 4 bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile.
- Paracelsus: hoped to use a new chemical philosophy that was based on a new understanding of nature and replace the traditional views. He believed that all parts of the universe were represented within each person.
§ “like cures like…”: poison that caused disease would be its cure if used in proper quantity.