Italian and German Unification by Rachel Kim I. Italian Unification A. Pre-Unification Austria is dominant power of Italian peninsula Some favored try the Risorgimento movement by Giuseppe Mazzini – republican Italy By the mid 1850’s, people look to the state of Piedmont for leadership After the defeats in 1848-49, King Victor Emmanuel and II and Camilo di Cavour (prime minister) assume power B. Camilo di Cavour Liberal moderate who favored a constitutional government Admired the British economically and politically Encouraged economic expansion C. Unification i. Agreement with Napoleon III (France) to drive out Austrians out of Italy (1858) Condition: War must be justified France would get Nice and Savoy and central Italian created for Napoleon III’s cousin ii. War between Austrians and Italians/French Cavour provokes Austria into invading Piedmont (1859) French defeats Austria at Magenta and Solferino Without Italy’s consent, French makes peace with Austrians (07/11/1859) and withdraw Reason: Prussians were mobilizing to help Austrians Due to Napoleon’s peace-making, Piedmont only receives Lombardy Parma, Modena, Tuscany and papal states join Piedmont soon however iii. Giuseppe Garibaldi Romantic Republican Nationalism force Cavour to unify ALL of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian supporter of Mazzini Cavour sends Garibaldi to southern Italy (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) 05/16/1860 – Garibaldi and redshirts (volunteers) land in Sicily iv. Final stages of unification Garibaldi’s forces pacified Sicily(July 1960) Naples and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fall (Sept. 1960) Cavour stops Garibaldi from attacking Rome in fear of war with France March 17, 1861 – new Italian kingdom proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II Through the Austro-Prussian War (during German unification 1866), Italy gains Venetia In 09/20/1870, with the withdrawal of French troops in Rome, Italy annexes Rome and makes it the capital city
II. German Unification A. Pre-Unification Prussia and Austria are the two dominant powers Austria controls the Germanic confederation but due to economic expansion of Prussia in 1850’s, Prussia is seen as new light to the unification of German i. Prussia Formed Zollverein, a German customs union, that limited tolls and on rivers/roads All but Austria joined the Zollverein Voting population was in three groups according to the payment of taxes This allowed the rising industrial middle class to control the lower class However, the king’s power was still too great and therefore a true parliament was not possible King William I wants to reform the Prussian military and institute many militarial reforms Middle class liberals reject the new reforms William I appoints Bismarck as prime minister ii. Otto von Bismarck Born in to Junker class Diplomat to Germanic Confederation Practiced Realpolitik, the politics of reality Wanting to fix domestic politics, he submitted a bill that was rejected by the Liberals For the most part (1862-1866), Bismarck ignored the parliament and collected taxes to reorganize the army B. The Process of Unification and War Bismarck always used the tactic of diplomatic isolation i. The Danish War Schleswig and Holstein (Danish duchies) move into Denmark territory, outraging Germans since both duchies had large German territory Bismarck persuaded the Austrians to join in attacking Denmark on 02/01/1864 Danes surrender the two duchies and Prussia/Austria split the territory Bismarck realizes that Austria must be excluded from German affairs ii. The Austro-Prussian War Bismarck had Russia stay neutral Napoleon III is vaguely promised with some in the Rhineland by Bismarck The new Italian state is promised Venetia if Austria loses Bismarck stimulates war on Austria using the joint occupation of Schleswig-Holstein (06/14/1866) Austrian army is quickly defeated on July 3 Results 1. Italy is given Venetia 2. Austria is excluded from foreign affairs 3. Prussia annexes Hanover, Frankfurt, and Hesse-Cassel 4. The German states north of the Main River were organized in to the North German Confederation After the war, the parliament approvingly passes a bill of indemnity Flexibility in creating the constitution for the North German Confederation iii. Franco-Prussian War Even though Bismarck and William I had achieved major success, they still had a problem: France The throne of Spain was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, distant cousin of William I Due to French objection, the Prussian king gave up his cousin’s candidacy France asks the king to make an apology causing Bismarck to alter the telegraph to make it look insulting to the French France declares war on Prussia 07/15/1870 and is defeated bitterly In 01/28/1871 a peace treaty stating that France must give up Alsace and Lorraine to the German state is signed C. Final Unification South German states enter North German Confederation William I is proclaimed Kaiser of Second German Empire In reality, Germany had merged into Prussia, not Prussia into Germany With a good industry and military strength, Germany becomes one of the strongest powers on the European continent
I. Italian Unification
A. Pre-Unification
Austria is dominant power of Italian peninsula
Some favored try the Risorgimento movement by Giuseppe Mazzini – republican Italy
By the mid 1850’s, people look to the state of Piedmont for leadership
After the defeats in 1848-49, King Victor Emmanuel and II and Camilo di Cavour (prime minister) assume power
B. Camilo di Cavour
Liberal moderate who favored a constitutional government
Admired the British economically and politically
Encouraged economic expansion
C. Unification
i. Agreement with Napoleon III (France) to drive out Austrians out of Italy (1858)
Condition: War must be justified
France would get Nice and Savoy and central Italian created for Napoleon III’s cousin
ii. War between Austrians and Italians/French
Cavour provokes Austria into invading Piedmont (1859)
French defeats Austria at Magenta and Solferino
Without Italy’s consent, French makes peace with Austrians (07/11/1859) and withdraw
Reason: Prussians were mobilizing to help Austrians
Due to Napoleon’s peace-making, Piedmont only receives Lombardy
Parma, Modena, Tuscany and papal states join Piedmont soon however
iii. Giuseppe Garibaldi
Romantic Republican Nationalism force Cavour to unify ALL of Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian supporter of Mazzini
Cavour sends Garibaldi to southern Italy (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
05/16/1860 – Garibaldi and redshirts (volunteers) land in Sicily
iv. Final stages of unification
Garibaldi’s forces pacified Sicily(July 1960)
Naples and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fall (Sept. 1960)
Cavour stops Garibaldi from attacking Rome in fear of war with France
March 17, 1861 – new Italian kingdom proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II
Through the Austro-Prussian War (during German unification 1866), Italy gains Venetia
In 09/20/1870, with the withdrawal of French troops in Rome, Italy annexes Rome and makes it the capital city
II. German Unification
A. Pre-Unification
Prussia and Austria are the two dominant powers
Austria controls the Germanic confederation but due to economic expansion of Prussia in 1850’s, Prussia is seen as new light to the unification of German
i. Prussia
Formed Zollverein, a German customs union, that limited tolls and on rivers/roads
All but Austria joined the Zollverein
Voting population was in three groups according to the payment of taxes
This allowed the rising industrial middle class to control the lower class
However, the king’s power was still too great and therefore a true parliament was not possible
King William I wants to reform the Prussian military and institute many militarial reforms
Middle class liberals reject the new reforms
William I appoints Bismarck as prime minister
ii. Otto von Bismarck
Born in to Junker class
Diplomat to Germanic Confederation
Practiced Realpolitik, the politics of reality
Wanting to fix domestic politics, he submitted a bill that was rejected by the Liberals
For the most part (1862-1866), Bismarck ignored the parliament and collected taxes to reorganize the army
B. The Process of Unification and War
Bismarck always used the tactic of diplomatic isolation
i. The Danish War
Schleswig and Holstein (Danish duchies) move into Denmark territory, outraging Germans since both duchies had large German territory
Bismarck persuaded the Austrians to join in attacking Denmark on 02/01/1864
Danes surrender the two duchies and Prussia/Austria split the territory
Bismarck realizes that Austria must be excluded from German affairs
ii. The Austro-Prussian War
Bismarck had Russia stay neutral
Napoleon III is vaguely promised with some in the Rhineland by Bismarck
The new Italian state is promised Venetia if Austria loses
Bismarck stimulates war on Austria using the joint occupation of Schleswig-Holstein (06/14/1866)
Austrian army is quickly defeated on July 3
Results
1. Italy is given Venetia
2. Austria is excluded from foreign affairs
3. Prussia annexes Hanover, Frankfurt, and Hesse-Cassel
4. The German states north of the Main River were organized in to the North German Confederation
After the war, the parliament approvingly passes a bill of indemnity
Flexibility in creating the constitution for the North German Confederation
iii. Franco-Prussian War
Even though Bismarck and William I had achieved major success, they still had a problem: France
The throne of Spain was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, distant cousin of William I
Due to French objection, the Prussian king gave up his cousin’s candidacy
France asks the king to make an apology causing Bismarck to alter the telegraph to make it look insulting to the French
France declares war on Prussia 07/15/1870 and is defeated bitterly
In 01/28/1871 a peace treaty stating that France must give up Alsace and Lorraine to the German state is signed
C. Final Unification
South German states enter North German Confederation
William I is proclaimed Kaiser of Second German Empire
In reality, Germany had merged into Prussia, not Prussia into Germany
With a good industry and military strength, Germany becomes one of the strongest powers on the European continent