APExamReviewP3 - Age of Realism

Lisa Hyndman

Science -

Michael Faraday:
- discoveries in electromagnetic induction and electrolysis
- invention of the electric motor
Charles Darwin:
- Traveled on the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands on a Science Expedition around the world
- On the Origin of Species by the means of Natural Selection -
  - More organisms are born than can survive = competition
  - Theory of Evolution - organisms evolve slowly over time from simpler forms of life through means of Natural Selection
  - Theory of Natural Selection - survival of the fittest, only the organisms exhibiting favorable characteristics for their environment can survive
  - Variants - different, or a variety of characteristics within a species.
- Descent of Man - humans descented from animals
- conflicted with the religious view that God created humans, many people opposed his theories.
Auguste Comte:
- Positive philsophy - positism, positive knowledge
- Mathematics is the foundation for all sciences, heirarchy of sciences

Health Care -

Pasteur:
- creator of the first vaccines (rabies)
- described the scientific basis of fermentation
- The germ theory - Pasteurization - heating a product to destroy bacteria and germs to prevent spoiling.
Dimitri Mendeleyev:
- formulated the Periodic law - organized the chemical elements based on their atomic weights and predicted the existence of other elements.
Joseph Lister:
- studied the natural inflammation of post-operative injuries/infections
- Carbolic acid - used as a disinfectant to prevent infection
- improved cleanliness of hospitals dramatically
- Antiseptic principle - advocates the use of antiseptics to prevent disease and infection in hospitals
Elizabeth Blackwell:
- first woman to graduate from medical school and receive an MD

Literature -

Gustave Flaubert:
- Madame Bovary - a woman trapped in an unhappy marraige, commits adultery, and in the end commits suicide
  - condemned as offensive to morality and religion and the book was banned
William Thackeray:
- Vanity Fair - "A Novel without a Hero"
Charles Dickens:
- known for describing the conditions of the unfortunate, lower classes

Art -

Gustave Coubert:
- painted scenes from lower class in their natural, everday life.
- The Stonebreakers
Jean Millet:
- The Gleaners - rural life