Italian+&+German+Unification

Italian and German Unification by Rachel Kim I. Italian Unification A. Pre-Unification  Austria is dominant power of Italian peninsula  Some favored try the Risorgimento movement by Giuseppe Mazzini – republican Italy  By the mid 1850’s, people look to the state of Piedmont for leadership  After the defeats in 1848-49, King Victor Emmanuel and II and Camilo di Cavour (prime minister) assume power B. Camilo di Cavour  Liberal moderate who favored a constitutional government  Admired the British economically and politically  Encouraged economic expansion C. Unification i. Agreement with Napoleon III (France) to drive out Austrians out of Italy (1858)  Condition: War must be justified  France would get Nice and Savoy and central Italian created for Napoleon III’s cousin ii. War between Austrians and Italians/French  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cavour provokes Austria into invading Piedmont (1859)  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">French defeats Austria at Magenta and Solferino  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Without Italy’s consent, French makes peace with Austrians (07/11/1859) and withdraw  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Reason: Prussians were mobilizing to help Austrians  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Due to Napoleon’s peace-making, Piedmont only receives Lombardy  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Parma, Modena, Tuscany and papal states join Piedmont soon however <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 176pt; text-indent: -176pt;">iii. Giuseppe Garibaldi  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Romantic Republican Nationalism force Cavour to unify ALL of Italy  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian supporter of Mazzini  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cavour sends Garibaldi to southern Italy (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">05/16/1860 – Garibaldi and redshirts (volunteers) land in Sicily <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 176pt; text-indent: -176pt;">iv. Final stages of unification  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Garibaldi’s forces pacified Sicily(July 1960)  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Naples and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fall (Sept. 1960)  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cavour stops Garibaldi from attacking Rome in fear of war with France  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">March 17, 1861 – new Italian kingdom proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Through the Austro-Prussian War (during German unification 1866), Italy gains Venetia  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">In 09/20/1870, with the withdrawal of French troops in Rome, Italy annexes Rome and makes it the capital city

<span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">II. German Unification <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">A. Pre-Unification <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Prussia and Austria are the two dominant powers <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Austria controls the Germanic confederation but due to economic expansion of Prussia in 1850’s, Prussia is seen as new light to the unification of German <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">i. Prussia <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Formed Zollverein, a German customs union, that limited tolls and on rivers/roads <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">All but Austria joined the Zollverein <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Voting population was in three groups according to the payment of taxes <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">This allowed the rising industrial middle class to control the lower class <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">However, the king’s power was still too great and therefore a true parliament was not possible <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">King William I wants to reform the Prussian military and institute many militarial reforms <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Middle class liberals reject the new reforms <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">William I appoints Bismarck as prime minister <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">ii. Otto von Bismarck <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Born in to Junker class <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Diplomat to Germanic Confederation <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Practiced Realpolitik, the politics of reality <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Wanting to fix domestic politics, he submitted a bill that was rejected by the Liberals <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -230pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">For the most part (1862-1866), Bismarck ignored the parliament and collected taxes to reorganize the army <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">B. The Process of Unification and War <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Bismarck always used the tactic of diplomatic isolation <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 150pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">i. The Danish War <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Schleswig and Holstein (Danish duchies) move into Denmark territory, outraging Germans since both duchies had large German territory <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Bismarck persuaded the Austrians to join in attacking Denmark on 02/01/1864 <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Danes surrender the two duchies and Prussia/Austria split the territory <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Bismarck realizes that Austria must be excluded from German affairs <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 150pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">ii. The Austro-Prussian War <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Bismarck had Russia stay neutral <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Napoleon III is vaguely promised with some in the Rhineland by Bismarck <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The new Italian state is promised Venetia if Austria loses <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Bismarck stimulates war on Austria using the joint occupation of Schleswig-Holstein (06/14/1866) <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Austrian army is quickly defeated on July 3 <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Results <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -20pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1. Italy is given Venetia <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -20pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">2. Austria is excluded from foreign affairs <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -20pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">3. Prussia annexes Hanover, Frankfurt, and Hesse-Cassel <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 230pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -20pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">4. The German states north of the Main River were organized in to the North German Confederation <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">After the war, the parliament approvingly passes a bill of indemnity <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Flexibility in creating the constitution for the North German Confederation <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 150pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">iii. Franco-Prussian War <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Even though Bismarck and William I had achieved major success, they still had a problem: France <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The throne of Spain was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, distant cousin of William I   <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Due to French objection, the Prussian king gave up his cousin’s candidacy <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">France asks the king to make an apology causing Bismarck to alter the telegraph to make it look insulting to the French <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">France declares war on Prussia 07/15/1870 and is defeated bitterly <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 190pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -190pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">In 01/28/1871 a peace treaty stating that France must give up Alsace and Lorraine to the German state is signed <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 114pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">C. Final Unification <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">South German states enter North German Confederation <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">William I is proclaimed Kaiser of Second German Empire <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">In reality, Germany had merged into Prussia, not Prussia into Germany <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 154pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-text-indent-alt: -20.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -154pt;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 11pt;">With a good industry and military strength, Germany becomes one of the strongest powers on the European continent