Enlightenment

Enlightenment by Jackie Tse Enlightenment i. Isaac Newton a. published Princapia i. a combination of Kepler’s law of planetary motion, Galileo's law of Inertia and falling bodies, and Newton’s own conception of gravitation force

b. concepts dominated Western thought until Albert Einstein ii. Path to Enlightenment a. scientific ideas influenced the Enlightenment ideas. i. Newton’s Princapia iii. What is Enlightenment a. a group of witters who formed a grand “republic of letters” b. dedicated in exposing social problems and proposing reforms iv. key ideas a. reason-- humans sold rely on reason, not miracles. to improve society <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Nature & natural laws-- believed that natural laws regulated both the universe and human society. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">v. Deism <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. God created the world, but it is like a machine & God just lets it run <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">vi. People <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Voltaire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i. “Crush the infamous thing” -- he told his readers to battle against ignorance and religious fanaticism <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ii. though of Deism <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Diderot <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i. wrote the Encyclopedia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. a book of enlightenment theology <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. helped spread enlightened thinking across Europe and North America <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Montesquieu <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i. wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Spirit of the Law <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. his attempt to create a “social science” by applying methods of natural science to government <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Hume <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i. called a “pioneering social scientist” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ii. Wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Treaties on Human Nature <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">subtitle “ An Attempt to introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. argued that observation & reflection in common sense made “science of man” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. examination & experience lead to human nature <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">e. Smith <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i. viewed as founder of modern discipline of economies <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ii. the most influential advocate on <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">laissez-faire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, presented a strong attack on mercantilism <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">iii. wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Wealth of Nations <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">government <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-- government must not interfere with free auction of the market; should limit their role to defend <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> free market <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-- tariffs got in the way, should be abolished <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">c. s <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">elf interest/ “invisible hand” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -- every person is motivated by self interest <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">f. d’Holbach <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i. wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">System of Nature <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. argued that everything i the universe consisted of matte in motion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Humans ere machines <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">c. God was a product of the human life <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">d. people needed reason to live <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">g, Rousseau <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">i Wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Emile <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Children are naturally good. the should be free and happy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. people developed through various stages, therefor eduction must be individual <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Children should be encouraged to draw conclusions on their own <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ii. Wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Contract <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a. tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">b. an agreement on the part of an entire society to be govern by general will.

"SparkNotes: The Enlightenment (1650-1800): Key People & Terms." //SparkNotes: Today's Most Popular Study Guides//. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/enlightenment/terms.html>.