The+Intellectual+Movement

Jackie Byun The Intellectual Movement 1. The emergence of a new physics § His formula E = mc2 2. Toward a new understanding of the irrational § Believed that a new socialist society would have to be governed by a small elite ruling body because the masses were incapable of ruling themselves. 3. The emergence of psychoanalysis § // The Interpretation of Dreams //: contained foundations of psychoanalysis. § To explore the contents of the unconscious (which determines human behavior), Freud relied on hypnosis and dreams. § Inner life of human beings was 3 forces: the id, ego, and superego. 1. Id: ruled by the pleasure principle where humans directed their energy toward pleasure and away from pain. 2. Ego: governed by the reality principle where people rejected pleasure so that they might live together in society. 3. Superego: location of conscience. It served to force the ego to curb the unsatisfactory drives of the id. 4. The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism § // The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century // § Modern-day Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans who were portrayed as the original creators of Western culture.
 * Marie Curie (1867-1934): discovered that an element called radium gave off rays of radiation that came from within the atom.
 * Max Planck (1858-1967): He maintained that energy is radiated discontinuously in irregular packets that he called “quanta” → quantum theory.
 * Albert Einstein (1879-1955): pushed new theories of thermodynamics.
 * Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Western society could be renewed: one must recognize that “God is dead.” Eliminating God and hence Christian morality had made it possible to create a higher kind of being called superman.
 * Henri Bergson (1859-1941): reality was the “life force” that filled all things.
 * Georges Sorel (1847-1922): he recommended the use of general strike.
 * Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): put forth a series of theories that undermined optimism about the rational nature of the human mind.
 * Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): using Darwin’s terminology, argued that societies were organisms that evolved through time from a struggle with their environment.
 * Friedrich von Bernhardi: // Germany and the Next War // à he argued that war is a biological necessity and it cannot be dispensed.
 * Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927): propagandist for German volkish ideology.