New+Monarchies

Taylor Trosper


 * __New Monarchies during the Renaissance__**
 * New Monarchs**--obsessed with expansion of territory and political power


 * 1) **__France__**
 * **Hundred Years' War**-- depopulation, desolate farmlands, ruined commerce, independent and unruly nobles --kings couldn't assert authority
 * created national sentiment--wanted to blame someone for the war
 * **Charles VII**
 * 1) established a royal army--cavalry and archers
 * 2) right to levy //taille// without further consent of Estates General (annual tax on land or property)
 * less power for Estates General (parliamentary body)--> more power to king
 * 1) secured Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges--strengthened liberties of French church at the expense of the papacy
 * King began taking control over French Church
 * **King Louis XI "The Spider"**
 * 1) retained the //taille// as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority
 * secured a regular income
 * 1) **Problems:**
 * had trouble repressing the French nobility
 * **Charles the Bold--** duke of Burgundy; attempted to create a middle kingdom between France and Germany; when he died, Louis annexed his territory
 * 1) encouraged growth of industry and commerce--bolster economy
 * introduced new industries such as the silk industry in Lyons
 * 1) believed to have created a base for development of a strong French monarchy
 * 2) **__England__**
 * **War of the Roses--** house of Lancaster (red) vs. house of York (white)-->Red won
 * **Henry VII**
 * 1) worked to reduce internal dissension and establishb a stron monarchical government
 * 2) eliminated proivate wars of nobility by abolishin their private armies
 * 3) Court of Star Chamber--did not use juries, allowed torture to be used to extract confessions; used to control irresponsible activity of the nobles
 * 4) successful in extracting income from financial resources such as the crown lands, judicial fees and fines, and customs duties
 * 5) used dimplomacy to avoid wars--avoided having to call Parliament to grant funds
 * 6) encouraged commercial activity--increased wool exports, royal export taxes on wool rose
 * 7) **__Spain__**
 * **Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon ("Most Catholic Monarchs")**
 * 1) dynastic union of two rules, not political union
 * 2) both kingdoms maintained their own parliaments, courts, laws, coinage, speech, customs, and political organs
 * 3) worked to strengthen royal control of government
 * 4) royal council stripped of aristocratsand filled with middle-class lawyers--operated on the belief that the monarchy embodied the power of the state
 * 5) //hermandades//--organized to maintain law and order
 * transformed into a new national militia whose goal was to stop the wealthy landed aristocrats from disturbing the peace
 * disbanded when administration became strong enough to deal with lawlessness
 * 1) //corregidores//--replaced corrupt municipal officials
 * enabled monarchs to extend the central authority of royal government into towns
 * 1) reorganized the military forces of Spain--best army in Europe by 16th century
 * 2) secured right to select the most important church officials in Spain--guaranteed foundation of Spanish Catholic church --clergy used for extension of royal power
 * 3) instituted reform in the Catholic church
 * Cardinal Ximenes**--**restored discipline and eliminated immorality among monks and clergy
 * 1) religious uniformity--Jews and Muslims persecuted --//conversos// (converted to Christianity)
 * Inquisition reintroduced
 * all professed Jews expelled from Spain
 * Muslims expelled from Castille
 * 1) **Charles I**--grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, inherited all their land, very powerful
 * 2) **__Holy Roman Empire__**
 * **Habsburg dynasty**
 * 1) success because of well-executed policy of dynastic marraiges
 * **Frederick III**
 * 1) lost Bohemia and Hungary, gained Franche-Comte, Luxembourg and part of the Low Countries by marrying Maxilmilian to Mary (daughter of Duke Charles the Bold)
 * made dynasty international power, brought undying opposition of French monarchy because rulers of France feared they would be surrounded by Habsburgs
 * **Maximilian I**
 * 1) attempted to centralize administration by creating new institutions common to the empire through the Reichstag (imperial diet or parliament)
 * 2) opposition from German princes
 * 3) Marriage alliances--Pilip of Burgundy (his son with Mary) was married to Joanna (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella)
 * 4) they produced a son, Charles, who became an heir to all three lines (Habsburg, Burgundian, and SPanish)
 * **German states** began building up bureaucracies, developed standing armies, created fiscal systems, and introduced Roman law
 * posed a threat to the church, emperor, and other free imperial states