30+Year's+War

Maria Ota

Evaluate the relative importance of the religious rivalries and dynastic ambitions that shaped the course of the Thirty Years' War. (1618-1648)
 * Prompt:**

because several countries attempted to invade neighbooring countries and establish a religion that conflicted with their religious beliefs.
 * Thesis:** The religious tension between the Protestants and the Catholics throughout Europe roughly set up the Thirty Years' War

Causes of Thirty Years' War
 * France felt threatened from Spanish HRE (Holy Roman Empire)
 * Spain wanted to regain Netherlands (Protestant Northern Dutch provinces)
 * Austria (part of HRE) eliminated Protestantism and established stronger central authority
 * Peace of Augsburg (1555)- ended religious rebellions Lutherans vs. Catholics, didn't recognize Calvinists
 * Protestant Union (1608)- Palatinate Calvinist ruler Frederick IV rejects Emperor (Ferdinand II)
 * had Dutch, English, French support
 * Catholic League (1609)- Bavarian Duke Maximillian supports Spain and HRE, counteract Protestant Union (South Province)
 * Wars
 * Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)- Protestant Bohemia accepted King Ferdinand but nobles were Calvinists
 * defenestration of Prague: Protestant nobles rebelled throwing emperor Matthia's emissaries out the window and he survived
 * Ferdinand deposed Fredrick V
 * win for Protestants
 * Danish Phase (1625-1629)- Lutheran King Christian IV invades Northern Germany
 * Danes crushed by Imperial HRE Albrecht von Wallenstein
 * HRE Ferdinand II-Edict of Restitution (prohibits Calvinism & restores Chatholics lost land since 1552)
 * win for Catholics
 * Swedish Phase (1630-1635)- Lutheran King G. Adolphus invades Germany, Baltic Sea is a Swedish lake
 * Battle of Lutzen-Swedish victory, Adolphus killed
 * Battle of Nordingen- Swedes lose, emperor annuls Edict of Restitution
 * win for HRE
 * Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648)-
 * French invades HRE -support Swedes against Habsburgs
 * politics over religion
 * Battle of Rocroi (1643)- French defeat Spanish=end of Spanish military greatness)
 * dominance of France in Europe
 * Swedes lose control of north
 * Peace of Westphalia (1648)- German states remain independent (weak for 200 years)
 * French happy, gain control of German territory
 * Religion and politics separate- pope ignored in all decisions